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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 High pressure homogenization of wine lees. A tool to streamline the management of wine ageing

High pressure homogenization of wine lees. A tool to streamline the management of wine ageing

Abstract

Aging on lees (AOL) has been used for wine aging for a long time, thanks to its ability to modify wine composition, improving sensory characteristics and stability. However, the prolonged contact with fermentation lees may increase the risk of developing sensory defects, due to the growth of unwanted microorganisms. Furthermore, AOL requires a large amount of work to manage bâtonnage and for topping up the barrels, significantly increasing production costs. For this reason, the possibility of accelerating yeast autolysis during AOL represents an interesting opportunity to exploit the antioxidant and stabilizing potential of yeast lees, making AOL a more affordable technique even for wines sold at a medium/low price. High pressure homogenization (HPH) is an emerging technology, able to promote the breakdown of microbial cells, allowing the extraction of intracellular components and increasing the shelf-life of liquid foods. The destruction of microorganisms during HPH processing is associated with turbulence, shear and cavitation phenomena, which occur when a fluid is forced through the homogenization valve. These features make HPH able to favor the release of macromolecules and soluble colloids from wine yeasts, potentially accelerating autolysis. The present work aims at evaluating the ability of HPH to accelerate AOL during white wine aging. HPH treatments were carried out at 60 and 150 mpa (1 and 2 passes), on two different batches of fermentation lees: the first was collected after the alcoholic fermentation (second racking) of a pinot gris wine, the second was sampled after six months of AOL, therefore when yeasts had already been subjected in part to natural autolysis. Lees were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (tem) and analyzed for different compositional and microbiological parameters. In particular, viable yeasts, lactic acid bacteria and the release of polysaccharides were analyzed, in comparison with untreated lees (that served as control) and lees treated with β-glucanase enzymes. All lees samples were then added to a white wine, setting up different AOL experiments. The wines obtained were analyzed after one and six months of aging, for different chemical, microbiological and sensory indices. HPH increased the release of polysaccharides from wine lees, in amounts that under the adopted experimental conditions were higher than those obtained with β-glucanase addition. HPH was also efficient in the inactivation of lees native microflora, actually resulting in a minor risk of microbial pollution and potentially allowing a reduction of the amounts of sulfur dioxide required during aging. The colloidal molecules released after HPH had larger apparent molecular size than those released during natural autolysis or enzyme pretreatment. Despite this, HPH treatments did not determine significant effects on wine filterability, when pressure and number of passes were kept at sufficiently low values. Wines aged on HPH-processed lees had greater concentrations of fermentative esters and a lower content of c6 alcohols in their volatile profile. The application of HPH in wineries, before lees filtration by cross-flow or rotary vacuum filters, can allow a more efficient exploitation of the potential of this by-product, increasing its added value and transforming filtered dregs into products capable of enriching the structure and improve the flavor of the wines with which they are blended.

Omogeneizzazione ad alta pressione delle fecce. uno strumento per semplificare la gestione dell’affinamento

L’affinamento sulle fecce (AOL) è utilizzato da lungo tempo per l’invecchiamento dei vini, grazie alla sua capacità di modificarne la composizione, migliorandone le caratteristiche sensoriali e di stabilità. Tuttavia, il contatto prolungato con le fecce di fermentazione può aumentare il rischio di sviluppare difetti sensoriali, dovuti alla crescita di microrganismi indesiderati. Inoltre, l’aol richiede una notevole mole di lavoro per la gestione dei bâtonnage e delle colmature, aumentando notevolmente i costi di produzione. Pertanto, la possibilità di accelerare l’autolisi durante l’aol rappresenta un’interessante opportunità per sfruttare il potenziale antiossidante e stabilizzante delle fecce di lievito, rendendo l’élevage sur lies una tecnica conveniente anche per vini che sono venduti ad un prezzo medio/basso. L’omogeneizzazione ad alta pressione (HPH) è una tecnologia emergente, in grado di promuovere la degradazione delle cellule microbiche, consentendo l’estrazione di componenti intracellulari e aumentando la shelf-life dei prodotti alimentari liquidi. La distruzione dei microrganismi durante il trattamento HPH è associata a fenomeni di turbolenza, taglio e cavitazione, che si verificano quando il fluido viene forzato attraverso la valvola di omogeneizzazione. Queste caratteristiche rendono l’HPH una tecnica in grado di favorire il rilascio di macromolecole e colloidi solubili dai lieviti, accelerando potenzialmente l’autolisi. Il presente lavoro mira a valutare la capacità dell’HPH di accelerare l’aol durante l’affinamento dei vini bianchi. Diversi trattamenti HPH sono stati effettuati a 60 e 150 mpa (1 e 2 passaggi), su due diversi lotti di fecce di fermentazione: il primo è stato raccolto dopo la fermentazione alcolica (secondo travaso) di un vino pinot grigio, il secondo è stato campionato dopo sei mesi di AOL, quando pertanto i lieviti erano già stati sottoposti in parte ad autolisi naturale. Le fecce sono state caratterizzate mediante microscopia elettronica a trasmissione (tem) e analizzate per diversi parametri compositivi e microbiologici. In particolare, sono stati analizzati i lieviti vitali, i batteri lattici e il rilascio di polisaccaridi, in rapporto alle fecce non trattate (che fungevano da controllo) e alle fecce trattate con β-glucanasi. Tutti i campioni di feccia sono stati successivamente aggiunti a un vino bianco, simulando diversi esperimenti di élevage sur lies. I vini ottenuti sono stati analizzati, dopo uno e sei mesi di affinamento, per diversi indici chimici, microbiologici e sensoriali. L’HPH ha determinato un maggior rilascio di polisaccaridi dalle fecce, in quantità che nelle condizioni sperimentali adottate erano superiori a quelle ottenute con l’aggiunta di β-glucanasi. L’HPH si è rivelata efficace anche nell’inattivazione della microflora nativa delle fecce, determinando di fatto un minor rischio di inquinamento microbico e consentendo potenzialmente una riduzione delle quantità di anidride solforosa necessarie durante l’invecchiamento. Le molecole colloidali rilasciate dopo trattamento HPH avevano dimensioni molecolari apparenti maggiori rispetto a quelle rilasciate durante l’autolisi naturale o il pretrattamento enzimatico. Nonostante ciò, l’HPH non ha determinato effetti significativi sulla filtrabilità del vino, quando la pressione ed il numero di passaggi sono stati mantenuti a valori sufficientemente bassi. I vini invecchiati sulle fecce trattate con HPH presentavano concentrazioni più elevate di esteri fermentativi e un contenuto inferiore di alcoli c6 nel profilo aromatico. L’applicazione dell’HPH in cantina prima della filtrazione delle fecce mediante filtro tangenziale o rotativo sottovuoto, può consentire uno sfruttamento più efficiente delle potenzialità di questo sottoprodotto, aumentandone il valore aggiunto e trasformando le fecce filtrate in prodotti capaci di arricchire la struttura e migliorare l’aroma dei vini con cui vengono miscelate.

Homogénéisation à haute pression des lies. Un instrument pour rationaliser la gestion de l’élevage du vin

L’élevage sur lies (AOL) est utilisé depuis longtemps pour l’élevage du vin, grâce à sa capacité à modifier la composition du vin, en améliorant les caractéristiques sensorielles et la stabilité. Cependant, le contact prolongé avec les lies de fermentation peut augmenter le risque de développer des défauts sensoriels, dus à la croissance de micro-organismes indésirables. De plus, AOL nécessite un travail important pour conduire le bâtonnage et le remplissage des fûts, ce qui augmente considérablement les coûts de production. Pour cette raison, la possibilité d’accélérer l’autolyse des levures pendant l’AOL représente une opportunité intéressante pour exploiter le potentiel antioxydant et stabilisant des lies de levure, faisant de l’AOL une technique abordable même pour les vins vendus à un prix moyen/bas. L’homogénéisation à haute pression (HPH) est une technologie émergente, capable de favoriser la dégradation des cellules microbiennes, permettant l’extraction de composants intracellulaires et augmentant la durée de conservation des aliments liquides. La destruction des micro-organismes lors du traitement HPH est associée à des phénomènes de turbulence, de cisaillement et de cavitation, qui se produisent lorsqu’un fluide est forcé à travers la vanne d’homogénéisation. Ces caractéristiques rendent l’HPH capable de favoriser la libération de macromolécules et de colloïdes solubles par les levures œnologiques, accélérant potentiellement l’autolyse. Le présent travail vise à évaluer la capacité de l’HPH à accélérer l’AOL lors du vieillissement du vin blanc. Des traitements HPH ont été réalisés à 60 et 150 mpa (1 et 2 passages), sur deux lots différents de lies de fermentation : le premier a été récolté après la fermentation alcoolique (deuxième soutirage) d’un vin de pinot gris, le second a été échantillonné au bout de six mois d’AOL, donc alors que les levures avaient déjà été soumises en partie à une autolyse naturelle. Les lies ont été caractérisées par microscopie électronique à transmission (tem) et analysées pour différents paramètres de composition et microbiologiques. En particulier, les levures viables, les bactéries lactiques et la libération de polysaccharides ont été analysées, en comparaison avec les lies non traitées (qui ont servi de contrôle) et les lies traitées avec des β-glucanases. Tous les échantillons de lies ont ensuite été ajoutés à un vin blanc, mettant en place différentes expériences d’AOL. Les vins obtenus ont été analysés après un et six mois d’élevage, pour différents indices chimiques, microbiologiques et sensoriels. L’HPH a augmenté la libération de polysaccharides des lies, avec des quantités qui, dans les conditions expérimentales adoptées, étaient supérieures à celles obtenues avec l’ajout de β-glucanase. L’HPH s’est révélé également efficace dans l’inactivation de la microflore native des lies, entraînant en réalité un risque mineur de pollution microbienne et permettant potentiellement une réduction des quantités de dioxyde de soufre nécessaires à l’élevage. Les molécules colloïdales libérées après HPH avaient une taille moléculaire apparente plus grande que celles libérées lors de l’autolyse naturelle ou du prétraitement enzymatique. Malgré cela, les traitements HPH n’ont pas déterminé d’effets significatifs sur la filtrabilité du vin, lorsque la pression et le nombre de passages étaient maintenus à des valeurs suffisamment basses. Les vins élevés sur lies traitées par HPH présentaient des concentrations plus élevées d’esters fermentaires et une teneur plus faible en alcools c6 dans leur profil volatil. L’application de l’HPH dans la cave, avant la filtration des lies par filtres à flux tangentiel ou rotatifs sous vide, peut permettre une exploitation plus efficace du potentiel de ce sous-produit, en augmentant sa valeur ajoutée et en transformant les lies filtrées en produits capables d’enrichir la structure et améliorer l’arôme des vins avec lesquels ils sont assemblés.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Piergiorgio Comuzzo¹, Sabrina Voce¹, Andrea Natolino¹

¹ Università degli Studi di Udine, Dipartimento di Scienze Agroalimentari, Ambientali e Animali – Via Sondrio 2/a, Udine, Italy

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Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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