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IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Oenology, methods of analysis 9 Evaluation of dialysis membrane efficiency in wine dealcoholisation process

Evaluation of dialysis membrane efficiency in wine dealcoholisation process

Abstract

The global wine production is continuously evolving to meet the new demands and preferences of consumers. In this evolving scenario, it’s important to determine which trends will be short-lived and which will remain over time. The promotion of healthier habits has encouraged consumers to try to find alternatives with low or no alcohol content.  The challenge for the industry is to produce an alcohol-free wine that retains the familiar aromas and mouthfeel of traditional wine but without alcohol. Ethanol is the most abundant compound in wine, excluding water. Numerous studies have been conducted in latest years on different technologies in the field of reducing alcohol content in wine (belisario-sánchez et al. 2009; bithika saha et al. 2013; calvo et al. 2022; catarino und mendes 2011b; pilipovik und riverol 2005; sam et al. 2021; sun et al. 2020; schmitt und christmann 2019). A preliminary categorization was proposed by (bithika saha et al. 2013) which classified techniques based on their timing of application. These include pre-fermentation methods, such as vinicultural practices relating the use of new grape varieties with lower sugar content, clones with reduced sugar accumulation, rootstock selection, optimization of varietal selection for specific climatic conditions, early grape harvesting, and canopy management techniques like defoliation or shading. During fermentation, modified yeast strains with reduced alcohol yield and the use of enzymes for alternative metabolization, such as glucose oxidase, can be employed. These methods are promising, nevertheless they do not reduce ethanol levels to below 0.5% vol. Achieving such low alcohol levels needs the use of physical methods used after fermentation. These methods can be further categorized into thermal processes, such as vacuum distillation, vacuum evaporation, and centrifugal distillation, as well as membrane processes like reverse osmosis, nanofiltration, osmotic distillation, pervaporation, and dialysis. Additionally, there is an extraction process category, which includes solvent extraction, carbon dioxide extraction, and adsorption techniques (schmitt und christmann 2019). So far, membrane dialysis hasn’t been used for the industrial production of alcohol-free wine. In food technologies, it’s more commonly utilized for juice concentration and beer dealcoholisation (carlos muller et al. 2019) . This membrane has significant potential as it operates at low temperatures without requiring increased pressure, while also retaining co2 within the system. It’s cost-effective and adaptable for processing small volumes. It consists of semipermeable membranes composed of bundles of hollow fibers made from cellulose derivatives or various synthetic materials like polysulfone and polyethersulfone (brányik et al. 2012). Its mechanism involves diffusion, which facilitates the passage of ethanol between the wine and the stripping draw solution, and convection, allowing the passage of larger molecules, influencing process permeability. The efficiency of the membrane depends on the type of the dialysis membrane and the system´s pression. The disadvantages of this method are its incapacity, until now, to prevent water passage into the wine flow of the membrane, and a loss of small compounds, that move from the liquid with a high concentration, wine, to the liquid with a low concentration, water. These issues have made the use of dialysis challenging with wine. However, certain measures, such as changing the draw solution liquid, combining this membrane with other technologies (membrane or heating systems), and optimizing operational parameters, can make this membrane suitable for producing dealcoholized wine. This study aims to evaluate the possibility of using a dialysis membrane for wine dealcoholisation, preventing water backflow by working on operational parameters and potentially coupling it with another methodology.

Valutazione dell’efficienza della membrana per dialisi nel processo di dealcolizzazione del vino

La produzione globale di vino è in continua evoluzione per soddisfare le nuove richieste e preferenze dei consumatori. In questo scenario di sviluppo, è importante determinare quali tendenze saranno momentanee e quali rimarranno nel tempo. La promozione di abitudini più salutari ha incoraggiato i consumatori a cercare alternative con basso o senza contenuto alcolico. La sfida per l’industria è quella di produrre un vino senza alcool che conservi gli aromi e il gusto tipico del vino tradizionale. L’etanolo è il composto più abbondante nel vino, escludendo l’acqua. Numerosi studi sono stati condotti negli ultimi anni su diverse tecnologie nel campo della riduzione del contenuto alcolico del vino (belisario-sánchez et al. 2009; bithika saha et al. 2013; calvo et al. 2022; catarino und mendes 2011b; pilipovik und riverol 2005; sam et al. 2021; sun et al. 2020; schmitt und christmann 2019). Una classificazione è stata proposta da bithika saha et al. (2013), che ha classificato le tecniche in base al momento di applicazione. Queste includono metodi pre-fermentativi, come pratiche viticole. Metodi applicati durante la fermentazione, come l’utilizzo di ceppi di lievito modificati e l’utilizzo di enzimi per la metabolizzazione alternativa dell’etanolo. Questi metodi sono promettenti, tuttavia non riducono i livelli di etanolo al di sotto dello 0,5% vol. Per raggiungere questi livelli di alcool è necessario l’uso di metodi fisici utilizzati dopo la fermentazione. Questi metodi possono essere ulteriormente suddivisi in processi termici, come la distillazione sotto vuoto, l’evaporazione sotto-vuoto e la distillazione con centrifugazione, nonché processi a membrana come l’osmosi inversa, la nano-filtrazione, la distillazione osmotica, la pervaporazione e la dialisi. Inoltre, c’è una ulteriore categoria di rimozione dell’alcool, che include l’estrazione con solvente, l’estrazione con biossido di carbonio e tecniche di adsorbimento (schmitt und christmann 2019). Fino a questo momento, la dialisi a membrana non è stata utilizzata per la produzione industriale di vino senza alcool. Nelle tecnologie alimentari, è più comunemente utilizzata per la concentrazione dei succhi e la dealcolizzazione della birra (carlos muller et al. 2019). Questa membrana ha un potenziale significativo poiché opera a basse temperature senza richiedere un aumento della pressione, mentre trattiene anche il co2 all’interno del sistema. E economica e adattabile per il trattamento di piccoli volumi. Consiste in membrane semipermeabili composte da fasci di fibre cave realizzate con derivati della cellulosa o vari materiali sintetici come il polisolfone e il polieterosolfone (brányik et al. 2012). Il suo meccanismo coinvolge la diffusione, che facilita il passaggio dell’etanolo tra il vino e la draw-solution, e la convezione, consentendo il passaggio di molecole più grandi, influenzando la permeabilità del processo. L’efficienza della membrana dipende dal tipo di membrana di dialisi e dalla pressione del sistema. Gli svantaggi di questo metodo sono l’impossibilità, fino ad ora, di impedire il passaggio dell’acqua della draw sollution nel vino e una perdita di composti, che si spostano dal liquido con una concentrazione dei composti elevata, il vino, al liquido con una concentrazione dei composti più bassa, l’acqua. Questi problemi hanno reso l’uso della dialisi di difficile impiego nella dealcolizzazione del vino. Tuttavia, determinate misure, come il cambiamento della draw solution, la combinazione di questa membrana con altre tecnologie (a membrana o a distillazione) e l’ottimizzazione dei parametri operativi, possono rendere questa membrana adatta alla produzione di vino dealcolizzato. Questo studio mira a valutare la possibilità di utilizzare una membrana a dialisi per la dealcolizzazione del vino, prevenendo il reflusso dell’acqua lavorando sui parametri operativi e potenzialmente accoppiandola con un’altra metodologia.

Bewertung der effizienz von dialysemembranen zur entalkoholisierung von wein

Die weltweite weinproduktion entwickelt sich ständig weiter, um den neuen anforderungen und vorlieben der verbraucher gerecht zu werden. In diesem sich entwickelnden szenario ist es wichtig zu bestimmen, welche trends nur von kurzer dauer sein werden und welche sich über einen längeren zeitraum halten werden.   Die herausforderung für die industrie besteht darin, einen entalkoholisierten wein herzustellen, der die vertrauten aromen und das mundgefühl eines herkömmlichen weins beibehält, aber keinen alkohol enthält. Ein realistischerer ansatz wäre die verbesserung bestehender technologien zur herstellung hochwertiger alkoholfreier weine und der versuch, eine andere produktkategorie zu schaffen, die sich deutlich vom herkömmlichen wein unterscheidet. In den letzten jahren wurden zahlreiche studien zu verschiedenen technologien im bereich der des reduzierung alkoholgehalts in wein durchgeführt (belisario-sánchez et al. 2009; bithika saha et al. 2013; calvo et al. 2022; catarino und mendes 2011b; pilipovik und riverol 2005; sam et al. 2021; sun et al. 2020; schmitt und christmann 2019). Eine vorläufige kategorisierung wurde von (bithika saha et al. 2013) vorgeschlagen, die techniken nach dem zeitpunkt ihrer anwendung klassifiziert. Dazu gehören methoden vor der gärung, als weinbautechniken. Während der gärung können modifizierte hefestämme und die verwendung von enzymen für die alternative metabolisierung, eingesetzt werden. Diese methoden sind vielversprechend, reichen jedoch nicht aus, um den alkoholgehalt unter 0,5 % vol. Zu senken. Physikalische methoden lassen sich in thermische verfahren wie vakuumdestillation, vakuumverdampfung und zentrifugaldestillation sowie in membranverfahren wie umkehrosmose, nanofiltration, osmotische destillation, pervaporation und dialyse einteilen. Darüber hinaus gibt es die kategorie der extraktionsverfahren, zu denen die lösungsmittelextraktion, die kohlendioxidextraktion und die adsorptionstechniken gehören (schmitt und christmann 2019). Bislang wurde die membrandialyse noch nicht für die industrielle herstellung von alkoholfreiem wein eingesetzt. In der lebensmitteltechnologie wird sie eher für die saftkonzentration und die entalkoholisierung von bier eingesetzt (muller, carlos et al. 2019). Diese membran hat ein erhebliches potenzial, da sie bei niedrigen temperaturen arbeitet, ohne dass ein erhöhter druck erforderlich ist, und gleichzeitig co2 im system zurückhält. Sie ist kosteneffizient und anpassungsfähig für die verarbeitung kleiner mengen. Sie besteht aus semipermeablen membranen, die aus bündeln von hohlfasern aus zellulosederivaten oder verschiedenen synthetischen materialien wie polysulfon und polyethersulfon bestehen (brányik et al. 2012). Ihr mechanismus umfasst die diffusion, die den durchgang von ethanol zwischen dem wein und der strippenziehlösung erleichtert, und die konvektion, die den durchgang größerer moleküle ermöglicht und die durchlässigkeit des prozesses beeinflusst. Die effizienz der membran hängt von der art der dialysemembran und dem druck des systems ab. Die nachteile dieser methode sind die bisherige unfähigkeit, das eindringen von wasser in den weinstrom der membran zu verhindern, und der verlust von kleinen verbindungen, die von der flüssigkeit mit hoher konzentration, dem wein, in die flüssigkeit mit niedriger konzentration, das wasser, übergehen. Diese probleme haben die anwendung der dialyse bei wein zu einer herausforderung gemacht. Bestimmte maßnahmen, wie die anpassung der dialysatlösung, die kombination dieser membran mit anderen technologien und die optimierung der betriebsparameter, können diese membran jedoch für die herstellung von entalkoholisiertem wein geeignet machen. Ziel dieser studie ist es, die möglichkeit des einsatzes einer dialysemembran für die entalkoholisierung von wein zu bewerten, den wasserrückfluss zu verhindern, indem an den betriebsparametern optimiert und die membran möglicherweise mit einer anderen trenntechnik kombiniert.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Lorenzo Italiano¹, Yogesh Kumar², Matthias Schmitt¹, Monika Christmann¹

¹ Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße, Geisenheim, Germany
² University of Bologna, Piazza Goidanich, Cesena, Italy

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IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

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