Holistic characterization of Sangiovese clones 

Abstract

Sangiovese is one of Italy’s most cultivated grape varieties, and currently, over 130 different clones are registered in the national register of grape varieties. However, despite the sangiovese genome having been re-sequenced, limited molecular and genomic information is still available for this cultivar. The present study investigates the complexity of genotype-environment interactions of ten different sangiovese clones, cultivated in the chianti rufina DOCG district over five consecutive vintages (2016-2020). The clones have been evaluated for yield components, grape maturity, and phenolic profiles, applying methods including hplc and spectrophotometry. Significant clonal variability for berry weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin levels has been recorded and correlated to environmental conditions marked by variable climatic years.  Additionally, the ten clones were genetically characterized through whole-genome resequencing using illumina hiseq technology in paired-end 150bp mode to achieve a coverage of 60x per sample. Comparative bioinformatic analyses identified 251,317 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), 10,885 insertions/deletions (in/dels), 1,948 duplications (dups), and 356 inversions (invs), among the ten genotypes, located in annotated coding regions of vitis vinifera reference genome sequence. These genetic variants represent the starting point for the molecular characterization of sangiovese genome peculiarities, compared to the reference genome, for the development of assays for intra-varietal discrimination, and the identification of potential genetic bases underlying the phenotypic differences exhibited by the clones and their capacity to respond, for example, to the new environmental condition due to climate change.

Caratterizzazione olistica dei cloni di Sangiovese 

Il sangiovese rappresenta una delle varietà italiane più coltivate e oltre 130 differenti cloni sono iscritti al registro nazionale delle varietà di vite. Nonostante il genoma della Sangiovese sia stato ri-sequenziato, sono limitate informazioni molecolari e genomiche per questa cultivar. Il presente lavoro studia la complessità delle interazioni genotipo-ambiente di dieci diversi cloni di Sangiovese, coltivati nel distretto DOCG di chianti rufina durante cinque vendemmie consecutive (2016-2020). I cloni sono stati valutati per tratti produttivi e qualitativi, inclusi resa, indici di maturazione e profili fenolici, analizzati attraverso vari metodi, tra cui hplc e spettrofotometria. Dai risultati è emersa una significativa variabilità clonale in fattori come il peso delle bacche, il contenuto di zuccheri e i livelli di antociani. Un alto livello di correlazione è stato calcolato tra tali caratteristiche e le variabili climatiche che contraddistinguevano gli anni considerati.  Inoltre, i dieci cloni sono stati caratterizzati geneticamente attraverso il ri-sequenziamento del genoma, utilizzando la tecnologia illumina hiseq in modalità paired-end 150bp allo scopo di ottenere una copertura di 60x per campione. Le analisi bioinformatiche comparative hanno identificato 251.317 polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (snp), 10.885 inserzioni/delezioni (in/del), 1.948 duplicazioni (dup) e 356 inversioni (inv) tra i dieci genotipi, localizzati nelle regioni codificanti annotate della sequenza di riferimento di vitis vinifera. Queste varianti genetiche rappresentano il punto di partenza per la caratterizzazione molecolare delle peculiarità del genoma della sangiovese, rispetto al genoma di riferimento, e per lo sviluppo di saggi per la discriminazione intra-varietale e l’identificazione delle potenziali basi genetiche sottostanti le differenze fenotipiche esibite dai cloni e la loro capacità di rispondere, per esempio, a nuove condizioni ambientali dovute al cambiamento climatico.

Caracterización holística de los clones de Sangiovese

El Sangiovese representa una de las variedades italianas más cultivadas y más de 130 diferentes clones están registrados en el registro nacional de variedades de vid. A pesar de que el genoma del Sangiovese ha sido resecuenciado, hay información molecular y genómica limitada para esta cultivar. Para enfrentar los desafíos planteados por el cambio climático, el presente trabajo estudia la complejidad de las interacciones genotipo-ambiente de diez diferentes clones de sangiovese, cultivados en el distrito DOCG de chianti rufina durante cinco cosechas consecutivas (2016-2020). Los clones fueron evaluados por características productivas y cualitativas, incluyendo rendimiento, índices de maduración y perfiles fenólicos, analizados mediante varios métodos, incluidos hplc y espectrofotometría. Los resultados revelaron una variabilidad clonal significativa en factores como el peso de las bayas, el contenido de azúcar y los niveles de antocianinas. Se calculó un alto nivel de correlación entre estas características y las variables climáticas que distinguieron los años considerados. Además, los diez clones fueron caracterizados genéticamente a través del resecuenciamiento del genoma, utilizando la tecnología illumina hiseq en modo paired-end de 150bp con el objetivo de obtener una cobertura de 60x por muestra. Los análisis bioinformáticos comparativos identificaron 251.317 polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (snp), 10.885 inserciones/deleciones (in/del), 1.948 duplicaciones (dup) y 356 inversiones (inv) entre los diez genotipos, localizados en las regiones codificantes anotadas de la secuencia de referencia de vitis vinifera. Estas variantes genéticas representan el punto de partida para la caracterización molecular de las peculiaridades del genoma de Sangiovese, en comparación con el genoma de referencia, para el desarrollo de ensayos de discriminación intravarietal y la identificación de posibles bases genéticas subyacentes a las diferencias fenotípicas exhibidas por los clones y sus capacidad de responder, por ejemplo, a la nueva condición ambiental debida al cambio climático.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Sergio Puccioni¹, Paolo Storchi¹, Agostino Fricano², Simone Garavelloni¹, Alessandra Zombardo¹, Chiara Biselli³

¹CREA-VE, Viale Santa Margherita 80, Arezzo, Italy
²CREA-GB, Via S. Protaso 302, San Protaso (PC), Italy
³CREA-FL, Viale Santa Margherita 80, Arezzo, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Multi-trait selection in ancient grapevine varieties

The selection of ancient grapevine varieties aims to achieve genetic gains in several important traits that can make the variety more interesting for the objectives of the producers. Traditionally, yield and quality traits of the must have been considered for selection, but many others can be taken into account. Linear mixed models are fitted to the data to predict the empirical best linear unbiased predictors (EBLUPs) of genotypic effects for each evaluated trait, which will be the basis for selection.

Reduce sulfur dioxide addition using a natural polymer chitosan phytate

Most oxidation reactions in wine require iron as a catalyst. The iron content of wine has decreased greatly in recent decades due to the use of low or no release cellar materials; however, in some cases it is still necessary to adopt winemaking practices to remove excess iron from wine, prevent its oxidation, and be able to reduce the addition of sulfur dioxide and other antioxidants.

A population genetic study of Vitis vinifera L. subsp. sylvestris Gmelin based on 3.000 individuals from 20 countries

Until the 19th century, the wild form of cultivated grapevines (vitis vinifera l. subsp. sylvestris gmelin, v. sylvestris) was ubiquitous in many european and west asian regions. However, many factors like deforestation, the intensification of agriculture, or the introduction of several pests and pathogens decimated its presence in these growing sites, and natural populations are now mostly restricted to river-bank forests and creeks with specific soil and climate conditions. in fact, v. sylvestris is now considered an endangered subspecies that is protected by law in many european countries to prevent its loss.

Grape overripening as an innovation strategy in response to climate change

Today’s viticulture is facing a new climatic scenario with temperature increases and rainfall deficits, generated by the effect of climate change. As a result of these new conditions, there are earlier harvests, increased plant water stress and higher disease risk in wetter wine-growing regions.

Challenges and opportunities for increasing organic carbon in vineyard soils: perspectives of extension specialists

Context description and research question: an increasing number of farmers are considering the impact of conservation practices on soil health to guide sustainable management of vineyards. Understanding impacts of soil management on soil organic carbon (SOC) is one lever for adoption of agroecological practice with potential to help maintain or improve soil health while building SOC stocks to mitigate climate change (Amelung et al., 2020).