Holistic characterization of Sangiovese clones 

Abstract

Sangiovese is one of Italy’s most cultivated grape varieties, and currently, over 130 different clones are registered in the national register of grape varieties. However, despite the sangiovese genome having been re-sequenced, limited molecular and genomic information is still available for this cultivar. The present study investigates the complexity of genotype-environment interactions of ten different sangiovese clones, cultivated in the chianti rufina DOCG district over five consecutive vintages (2016-2020). The clones have been evaluated for yield components, grape maturity, and phenolic profiles, applying methods including hplc and spectrophotometry. Significant clonal variability for berry weight, sugar content, and anthocyanin levels has been recorded and correlated to environmental conditions marked by variable climatic years.  Additionally, the ten clones were genetically characterized through whole-genome resequencing using illumina hiseq technology in paired-end 150bp mode to achieve a coverage of 60x per sample. Comparative bioinformatic analyses identified 251,317 single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps), 10,885 insertions/deletions (in/dels), 1,948 duplications (dups), and 356 inversions (invs), among the ten genotypes, located in annotated coding regions of vitis vinifera reference genome sequence. These genetic variants represent the starting point for the molecular characterization of sangiovese genome peculiarities, compared to the reference genome, for the development of assays for intra-varietal discrimination, and the identification of potential genetic bases underlying the phenotypic differences exhibited by the clones and their capacity to respond, for example, to the new environmental condition due to climate change.

Caratterizzazione olistica dei cloni di Sangiovese 

Il sangiovese rappresenta una delle varietà italiane più coltivate e oltre 130 differenti cloni sono iscritti al registro nazionale delle varietà di vite. Nonostante il genoma della Sangiovese sia stato ri-sequenziato, sono limitate informazioni molecolari e genomiche per questa cultivar. Il presente lavoro studia la complessità delle interazioni genotipo-ambiente di dieci diversi cloni di Sangiovese, coltivati nel distretto DOCG di chianti rufina durante cinque vendemmie consecutive (2016-2020). I cloni sono stati valutati per tratti produttivi e qualitativi, inclusi resa, indici di maturazione e profili fenolici, analizzati attraverso vari metodi, tra cui hplc e spettrofotometria. Dai risultati è emersa una significativa variabilità clonale in fattori come il peso delle bacche, il contenuto di zuccheri e i livelli di antociani. Un alto livello di correlazione è stato calcolato tra tali caratteristiche e le variabili climatiche che contraddistinguevano gli anni considerati.  Inoltre, i dieci cloni sono stati caratterizzati geneticamente attraverso il ri-sequenziamento del genoma, utilizzando la tecnologia illumina hiseq in modalità paired-end 150bp allo scopo di ottenere una copertura di 60x per campione. Le analisi bioinformatiche comparative hanno identificato 251.317 polimorfismi a singolo nucleotide (snp), 10.885 inserzioni/delezioni (in/del), 1.948 duplicazioni (dup) e 356 inversioni (inv) tra i dieci genotipi, localizzati nelle regioni codificanti annotate della sequenza di riferimento di vitis vinifera. Queste varianti genetiche rappresentano il punto di partenza per la caratterizzazione molecolare delle peculiarità del genoma della sangiovese, rispetto al genoma di riferimento, e per lo sviluppo di saggi per la discriminazione intra-varietale e l’identificazione delle potenziali basi genetiche sottostanti le differenze fenotipiche esibite dai cloni e la loro capacità di rispondere, per esempio, a nuove condizioni ambientali dovute al cambiamento climatico.

Caracterización holística de los clones de Sangiovese

El Sangiovese representa una de las variedades italianas más cultivadas y más de 130 diferentes clones están registrados en el registro nacional de variedades de vid. A pesar de que el genoma del Sangiovese ha sido resecuenciado, hay información molecular y genómica limitada para esta cultivar. Para enfrentar los desafíos planteados por el cambio climático, el presente trabajo estudia la complejidad de las interacciones genotipo-ambiente de diez diferentes clones de sangiovese, cultivados en el distrito DOCG de chianti rufina durante cinco cosechas consecutivas (2016-2020). Los clones fueron evaluados por características productivas y cualitativas, incluyendo rendimiento, índices de maduración y perfiles fenólicos, analizados mediante varios métodos, incluidos hplc y espectrofotometría. Los resultados revelaron una variabilidad clonal significativa en factores como el peso de las bayas, el contenido de azúcar y los niveles de antocianinas. Se calculó un alto nivel de correlación entre estas características y las variables climáticas que distinguieron los años considerados. Además, los diez clones fueron caracterizados genéticamente a través del resecuenciamiento del genoma, utilizando la tecnología illumina hiseq en modo paired-end de 150bp con el objetivo de obtener una cobertura de 60x por muestra. Los análisis bioinformáticos comparativos identificaron 251.317 polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido (snp), 10.885 inserciones/deleciones (in/del), 1.948 duplicaciones (dup) y 356 inversiones (inv) entre los diez genotipos, localizados en las regiones codificantes anotadas de la secuencia de referencia de vitis vinifera. Estas variantes genéticas representan el punto de partida para la caracterización molecular de las peculiaridades del genoma de Sangiovese, en comparación con el genoma de referencia, para el desarrollo de ensayos de discriminación intravarietal y la identificación de posibles bases genéticas subyacentes a las diferencias fenotípicas exhibidas por los clones y sus capacidad de responder, por ejemplo, a la nueva condición ambiental debida al cambio climático.

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Sergio Puccioni¹, Paolo Storchi¹, Agostino Fricano², Simone Garavelloni¹, Alessandra Zombardo¹, Chiara Biselli³

¹CREA-VE, Viale Santa Margherita 80, Arezzo, Italy
²CREA-GB, Via S. Protaso 302, San Protaso (PC), Italy
³CREA-FL, Viale Santa Margherita 80, Arezzo, Italy

Contact the author*

Tags

IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Genomic comparison on O. oeni: can l. hilgardii be a novel starter culture in malolactic fermentation?

Malolactic fermentation (MLF) the microbial bioconversion of L-malic acid into L-lactic acid, is a pivotal metabolic process that holds fundamental significance for the quality and organoleptic characteristics of some wines. Oenococcus oeni is considered to be the main player in this conversion, and it is globally used as a starter culture for mlf thanks to his capacity to tolerate the harsh wine environment.

Alternative methods to evaluate the pinking susceptibility of white wines: derivative spectroscopy and ciel*a*b* colour analysis

Pinking describes the appearance of a salmon-red blush in white bottled wines produced exclusively from white grape varieties. It is understood as an undesirable chromatic phenomenon by both wine consumers and the industry. Nowadays, there are no treatments to fully reverse pinking once it occurs. Partial reversion has been shown after exposure of pinked wine to ultraviolet (UV) light.

Innovative red winemaking strategy: biosurfactant-assisted extraction and stabilization of phenolic compounds

The color is the first attribute perceived by consumers and a major factor determining the quality of red wines. This depends mainly on the content of grape anthocyanins and their extraction into the juice/wine during winemaking. Furthermore, these compounds can undergo reactions that influence the chemical and sensory characteristics of the wine. Monomeric forms are prone to oxidation and adsorption on solid parts.

Role of PH and its management during vinification on the extraction during maceration and on the evolution during ageing of the phenolic compounda of red wine

Climatic changes cause significant variations in the composition of grapes. for red grapes, a mismatch between phenolic and technological ripening is often observed. There is also often a marked increase in pH and a reduction in fixed acids, which affect the stability and evolution of the wine during ageing. These experiments will provide more information on the role of pH during the winemaking of red wines on the extraction and evolution of phenolic compounds.

The impact of nutrition label formats on wine consumer preferences

Recent regulations concerning alcoholic beverages have prompted producers to revise their product labels to incorporate nutritional information. In this context, qr codes containing such information, known as e-labels, are now being employed on wine labels for the first time.