Genetic diversity of Oenococcus oeni strains isolated from Yinchuan wine region in the East of Helan Mountain, China

Grapevines are susceptible to freezing damage at temperatures below -5°F during the winter season. Preventing winter injury to grapevines is a major challenge in many grape-producing regions. Conventional methods such as hilling-up soil over graft unions have been developed as winter protection methods for preventing vine loss. However, these practices have drawbacks such as soil erosion, vine damage and crown gall development.

Following the 2008-2009 reform of the European Union’s common market organisation in wine all protected designations of origin and geographical indications were imposed to prepare a product specification that described the conditions of their use. In this paper, we describe this process and the Hungarian system of geographical indications.

French lawmakers have chosen the family-type winegrowing business as the benchmark for drafting the legal framework for winegrowing businesses and winegrowers. In france (source: msa), in 2022, there were 1,444 new winegrowers, an increase of 3% compared with 2021, representing 10% of new farm managers. The retention rate for winegrowers is 75% (up 13% on 2021), compared with 77% for all agricultural sectors (stable).

Phenolic compounds are responsible for the most important red wine quality attributes. Anthocyanins and tannins play crucial roles in color and mouthfeel properties of red wines. Phenolic analysis in the winery is hindered by analytical constrains.

Extreme climatic events, such as prolonged drought followed by intense flooding, increasingly impact viticulture, affecting vine physiology, productivity, and grape composition.