terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Economy and law 9 Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Résumé

A l’heure où la viticulture mondiale doit s’adapter à de nombreux défis, les producteurs s’interrogent sur les évolutions conséquentes qu’ils vont devoir faire (encépagement, transformation des techniques en vigne et en cave). Se pose également, autant pour les vignerons que pour les consommateurs, les potentielles évolutions du goût des vins qu’engendreront ces transformations. Or, cette recherche, qui s’appuie sur l’étude de nombreuses sources et archives du XXe siècle, pour certaines inédites, a pour ambition de montrer que, dans un passé récent, les mondes viticoles ont su faire preuve d’une incroyable résilience face aux crises et que le goût et la perception des vins fins aura largement changé en 100 ans. L’évocation des vignobles d’appellation d’origine contrôlée convoque bien souvent un passé immuable, celle de vins millénaires et authentiques tirant leurs qualités d’un terroir patiemment apprivoisé par des générations de vignerons. Pourtant, derrière ce discours patrimonial pour une part façonné au cours du siècle dernier, se cache une histoire en perpétuel mouvement. Des échelles les plus locales aux sphères internationales, pouvoirs publics, scientifiques, producteurs et organisations professionnelles n’ont en effet, de concert, pas cessé d’innover afin de singulariser les vins d’AOC des autres productions viticoles pour imposer ces premières sur les marchés. Dans cette contribution nous nous pencherons ainsi sur les innovations scientifiques et techniques du XXe siècle liées aux évolutions réglementaires concernant le degré alcoolique, l’acidité volatile, les hybrides ou le soufre. Il s’agira de montrer comment la création des AOC, plutôt qu’un frein, deviendra le moteur de très importantes innovations durant toute la période. En quelque sorte, derrière le discours dominant sur les traditions, au regard des immenses défis contemporains de la vitiviniculture, nous souhaitons évoquer une histoire dynamique et une profession qui n’aura cessé d’innover par un lien de plus en plus fort avec la science, pour répondre aux crises du passé.

Innovation within tradition. Technical and scientific developments in AOC wines in the face of the economic challenges of the 20th century

At a time when the world’s winegrowing industry is having to adapt to a number of challenges, winegrowers are wondering about the consequent changes they will have to make (grape varieties, changes in vineyard and cellar techniques). For winegrowers and consumers alike, there is also the question of how these changes will affect the taste of their wines. This research, based on the study of numerous sources and archives from the 20th century, some of which have never been published before, aims to show that, in the recent past, the winegrowing world has shown incredible resilience in the face of crises, and that the taste and perception of fine wines has changed considerably in 100 years. Mention of AOC vineyards often conjures up an unchanging past, that of authentic, thousand-year-old wines deriving their qualities from a terroir patiently tamed by generations of winemakers. However, behind this heritage discourse, partly shaped over the course of the last century, lies a history in perpetual motion. From the most local to the most international of spheres, public authorities, scientists, producers and professional organizations have all worked together to innovate in order to set aoc wines apart from other wine products and impose them on the market. In this contribution, we look at the scientific and technical innovations of the twentieth century, linked to regulatory changes concerning alcoholic strength, volatile acidity, hybrids and sulfur. The aim is to show how the creation of AOCs, rather than acting as a brake, became the driving force behind major innovations throughout the period. In a way, behind the dominant discourse on traditions, in the light of the immense contemporary challenges facing winegrowing, we wish to evoke a dynamic history and a profession that has never ceased to innovate through an increasingly strong link with science, in response to the crises of the past.

Innovazione nella tradizione. Gli sviluppi tecnici e scientifici dei vini doc di fronte alle sfide economiche del XX secolo

In un momento in cui la viticoltura mondiale deve adattarsi a una serie di sfide, i produttori si interrogano sui principali cambiamenti che dovranno apportare (varietà di uve, cambiamenti nelle tecniche di vigneto e di cantina). Per i viticoltori e i consumatori, inoltre, si pone il problema di come questi cambiamenti influiranno sul gusto dei vini. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca, che si basa sullo studio di numerose fonti e archivi del xx secolo, alcuni dei quali mai pubblicati prima, è quello di dimostrare che, nel recente passato, il mondo vitivinicolo ha dimostrato un’incredibile capacità di recupero di fronte alle crisi e che il gusto e la percezione dei vini pregiati sono cambiati notevolmente in 100 anni.  Quando si pensa ai vigneti aoc, spesso si pensa a un passato immutabile, a vini millenari e autentici che traggono le loro qualità da un terroir pazientemente domato da generazioni di viticoltori. Tuttavia, dietro questo discorso di patrimonio, in parte formatosi nel corso dell’ultimo secolo, si nasconde una storia in continuo movimento. Dal livello più locale a quello più internazionale, autorità pubbliche, scienziati, produttori e organizzazioni professionali hanno lavorato insieme per innovare e imporre sul mercato i vini DOC. In questo contributo si analizzeranno le innovazioni scientifiche e tecniche del xx secolo legate alle modifiche normative in materia di titolo alcolometrico, acidità volatile, ibridi e zolfo. L’obiettivo è quello di mostrare come la creazione delle doc, anziché fungere da freno, sia diventata il motore delle principali innovazioni del periodo. In un certo senso, dietro il discorso dominante sulle tradizioni, alla luce delle immense sfide contemporanee che la viticoltura deve affrontare, vogliamo evocare una storia dinamica e una professione che non ha mai smesso di innovare attraverso un legame sempre più forte con la scienza, in risposta alle crisi del passato.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Olivier Jacquet¹

¹ Chaire UNESCO – IUVV, Rue Ladrey, BP 27 877, Dijon, France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Baccus: from framework to web platform for self-assessment of wine sustainability

Sustainability is becoming an increasingly present challenge, whether due to an increase in the level of perception and demand from consumers and stakeholders or the rise of events linked to climate change, which directly impacts agricultural-based sectors such as the vine and wine industry.

100 guardians for 100 vines

G.r.a.s.p.o. Is not only the acronym for gruppo di ricerca per la salvaguardia e preservazione dell’originalità viticola di ogni territorio (‘research group for the safeguard and preservation of the originality of every territory’s grapes’), and is not just the italian synonym for ‘raspo’ (‘peduncle’) as treccani dictionary mentions: in the veneto dialect it is the whole bunch of grapes.

Ecodesign tools and approaches in viticulture for professionals and learners, contributions of the Vitarbae project

The agro-ecological transition in winegrowing can benefit from the environmental assessment of practices to inform producers’ technical choices. life cycle assessment (lca) evaluates the environmental impact of a product over its entire life cycle. this paper takes a look at the tools available for the detailed assessment and eco-design of winegrowing practices, their uses and developments in the vitarbae research project (2023-2026). this project aims to establish and equip support and training courses for the agroecological transition in viticulture and fruit arboriculture.

Innovative approaches in the evaluation of the spatial and temporal biodiversity of grape varieties from the Portuguese Bairrada appellation using LIMM-PCA: a study across five harvests

Sustainable viticulture and winemaking continue to represent huge challenges, where a better knowledge about the functional role of biodiversity in the vineyard and wine ecosystems is required, as well as the varieties plasticity. Particular attention should be devoted to the spatial and temporal interactions between authorized or recommended varieties for a specific demarcated region and clime and vineyard conditions (such as soil type, orientation of the lines, age of the vine, density of planting, harvesting practices, among others).

The chances for using non-saccharomyces wine yeasts for a sustainable winemaking

Climate changes and the trend towards organic and more sustainable winemaking highlighted the need to use biological methodologies. The reduction in the use of SO2, the need of the reduction of ethanol content of wines and the now need to reduce or eliminate chemical phytosanitary products, have prompted the search for alternative practices.