terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Economy and law 9 Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Résumé

A l’heure où la viticulture mondiale doit s’adapter à de nombreux défis, les producteurs s’interrogent sur les évolutions conséquentes qu’ils vont devoir faire (encépagement, transformation des techniques en vigne et en cave). Se pose également, autant pour les vignerons que pour les consommateurs, les potentielles évolutions du goût des vins qu’engendreront ces transformations. Or, cette recherche, qui s’appuie sur l’étude de nombreuses sources et archives du XXe siècle, pour certaines inédites, a pour ambition de montrer que, dans un passé récent, les mondes viticoles ont su faire preuve d’une incroyable résilience face aux crises et que le goût et la perception des vins fins aura largement changé en 100 ans. L’évocation des vignobles d’appellation d’origine contrôlée convoque bien souvent un passé immuable, celle de vins millénaires et authentiques tirant leurs qualités d’un terroir patiemment apprivoisé par des générations de vignerons. Pourtant, derrière ce discours patrimonial pour une part façonné au cours du siècle dernier, se cache une histoire en perpétuel mouvement. Des échelles les plus locales aux sphères internationales, pouvoirs publics, scientifiques, producteurs et organisations professionnelles n’ont en effet, de concert, pas cessé d’innover afin de singulariser les vins d’AOC des autres productions viticoles pour imposer ces premières sur les marchés. Dans cette contribution nous nous pencherons ainsi sur les innovations scientifiques et techniques du XXe siècle liées aux évolutions réglementaires concernant le degré alcoolique, l’acidité volatile, les hybrides ou le soufre. Il s’agira de montrer comment la création des AOC, plutôt qu’un frein, deviendra le moteur de très importantes innovations durant toute la période. En quelque sorte, derrière le discours dominant sur les traditions, au regard des immenses défis contemporains de la vitiviniculture, nous souhaitons évoquer une histoire dynamique et une profession qui n’aura cessé d’innover par un lien de plus en plus fort avec la science, pour répondre aux crises du passé.

Innovation within tradition. Technical and scientific developments in AOC wines in the face of the economic challenges of the 20th century

At a time when the world’s winegrowing industry is having to adapt to a number of challenges, winegrowers are wondering about the consequent changes they will have to make (grape varieties, changes in vineyard and cellar techniques). For winegrowers and consumers alike, there is also the question of how these changes will affect the taste of their wines. This research, based on the study of numerous sources and archives from the 20th century, some of which have never been published before, aims to show that, in the recent past, the winegrowing world has shown incredible resilience in the face of crises, and that the taste and perception of fine wines has changed considerably in 100 years. Mention of AOC vineyards often conjures up an unchanging past, that of authentic, thousand-year-old wines deriving their qualities from a terroir patiently tamed by generations of winemakers. However, behind this heritage discourse, partly shaped over the course of the last century, lies a history in perpetual motion. From the most local to the most international of spheres, public authorities, scientists, producers and professional organizations have all worked together to innovate in order to set aoc wines apart from other wine products and impose them on the market. In this contribution, we look at the scientific and technical innovations of the twentieth century, linked to regulatory changes concerning alcoholic strength, volatile acidity, hybrids and sulfur. The aim is to show how the creation of AOCs, rather than acting as a brake, became the driving force behind major innovations throughout the period. In a way, behind the dominant discourse on traditions, in the light of the immense contemporary challenges facing winegrowing, we wish to evoke a dynamic history and a profession that has never ceased to innovate through an increasingly strong link with science, in response to the crises of the past.

Innovazione nella tradizione. Gli sviluppi tecnici e scientifici dei vini doc di fronte alle sfide economiche del XX secolo

In un momento in cui la viticoltura mondiale deve adattarsi a una serie di sfide, i produttori si interrogano sui principali cambiamenti che dovranno apportare (varietà di uve, cambiamenti nelle tecniche di vigneto e di cantina). Per i viticoltori e i consumatori, inoltre, si pone il problema di come questi cambiamenti influiranno sul gusto dei vini. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca, che si basa sullo studio di numerose fonti e archivi del xx secolo, alcuni dei quali mai pubblicati prima, è quello di dimostrare che, nel recente passato, il mondo vitivinicolo ha dimostrato un’incredibile capacità di recupero di fronte alle crisi e che il gusto e la percezione dei vini pregiati sono cambiati notevolmente in 100 anni.  Quando si pensa ai vigneti aoc, spesso si pensa a un passato immutabile, a vini millenari e autentici che traggono le loro qualità da un terroir pazientemente domato da generazioni di viticoltori. Tuttavia, dietro questo discorso di patrimonio, in parte formatosi nel corso dell’ultimo secolo, si nasconde una storia in continuo movimento. Dal livello più locale a quello più internazionale, autorità pubbliche, scienziati, produttori e organizzazioni professionali hanno lavorato insieme per innovare e imporre sul mercato i vini DOC. In questo contributo si analizzeranno le innovazioni scientifiche e tecniche del xx secolo legate alle modifiche normative in materia di titolo alcolometrico, acidità volatile, ibridi e zolfo. L’obiettivo è quello di mostrare come la creazione delle doc, anziché fungere da freno, sia diventata il motore delle principali innovazioni del periodo. In un certo senso, dietro il discorso dominante sulle tradizioni, alla luce delle immense sfide contemporanee che la viticoltura deve affrontare, vogliamo evocare una storia dinamica e una professione che non ha mai smesso di innovare attraverso un legame sempre più forte con la scienza, in risposta alle crisi del passato.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Olivier Jacquet¹

¹ Chaire UNESCO – IUVV, Rue Ladrey, BP 27 877, Dijon, France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Legal and economic evolution of the Japanese wine industry in the 21st century

Historically bounded by strict regulations with a focus on taxation since the 19th century, the japanese wine industry stands at a crossroads in the 21st century, necessitated by alignment with international standards and opening towards global markets.

“Gentle” sustainable extraction from whole berry by using resonance waves and slight over CO2 overpressure

The traditional methods of grape extraction of enochemical compounds use very often mechanical energy by pistons such as the pigeage or mechanical energy produced by must (delestage, pumping over). Recent trend by winemaker is trying to introduce in the fermentation tank, whole berry grape to avoid even minimal oxidation. Unfortunately, the use of the traditional mechanical techniques aforementioned, very often do not guarantee the optimal extraction with residual sugars in the marc. Use of resonance waves (airmixingtm) and a slight overpressure by CO2 (adcftm) permit to work on whole berry guaranteeing the perfect extraction.

Anticipating consumer preference for low-alcohol wine: a machine learning analysis based on consumption habits and socio-demographics

The global wine consumption landscape is undergoing a transformation, marked by a growing trend towards reduced consumption and a preference for healthier lifestyles. In line with this shift, european union regulation (regulation eu 2021/2117) has recently redefined dealcoholized or partially dealcoholized wine within the wine category.

Embracing innovation for a future-ready wine industry: insights from Moldova’s AI-powered pilot project

In 2023–2024, the Republic of Moldova launched its first AI-powered wine pilot, integrating artificial intelligence into the vitivinicultural value chain.

Using unmanned aerial vehicle with multispectral camara to efficiently and precisely monitor the incidence of downy mildew and technical maturity of beibinghong (vitis amurensis Rpru.) grapes 

Multispectral unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) has been successfully applied in monitoring vine vegetative growth, however, there are still potential relationships between remote sensing vegetation indexes (vis) and vine condition or grape quality, so it is worthy a deeper investigation to make a better use of UAV. One of the purposes of the study is to find out vis that could denote the severity of downy mildew (DM), so that precise and differentiated control strategies would be adopted subsequently.