terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Economy and law 9 Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Résumé

A l’heure où la viticulture mondiale doit s’adapter à de nombreux défis, les producteurs s’interrogent sur les évolutions conséquentes qu’ils vont devoir faire (encépagement, transformation des techniques en vigne et en cave). Se pose également, autant pour les vignerons que pour les consommateurs, les potentielles évolutions du goût des vins qu’engendreront ces transformations. Or, cette recherche, qui s’appuie sur l’étude de nombreuses sources et archives du XXe siècle, pour certaines inédites, a pour ambition de montrer que, dans un passé récent, les mondes viticoles ont su faire preuve d’une incroyable résilience face aux crises et que le goût et la perception des vins fins aura largement changé en 100 ans. L’évocation des vignobles d’appellation d’origine contrôlée convoque bien souvent un passé immuable, celle de vins millénaires et authentiques tirant leurs qualités d’un terroir patiemment apprivoisé par des générations de vignerons. Pourtant, derrière ce discours patrimonial pour une part façonné au cours du siècle dernier, se cache une histoire en perpétuel mouvement. Des échelles les plus locales aux sphères internationales, pouvoirs publics, scientifiques, producteurs et organisations professionnelles n’ont en effet, de concert, pas cessé d’innover afin de singulariser les vins d’AOC des autres productions viticoles pour imposer ces premières sur les marchés. Dans cette contribution nous nous pencherons ainsi sur les innovations scientifiques et techniques du XXe siècle liées aux évolutions réglementaires concernant le degré alcoolique, l’acidité volatile, les hybrides ou le soufre. Il s’agira de montrer comment la création des AOC, plutôt qu’un frein, deviendra le moteur de très importantes innovations durant toute la période. En quelque sorte, derrière le discours dominant sur les traditions, au regard des immenses défis contemporains de la vitiviniculture, nous souhaitons évoquer une histoire dynamique et une profession qui n’aura cessé d’innover par un lien de plus en plus fort avec la science, pour répondre aux crises du passé.

Innovation within tradition. Technical and scientific developments in AOC wines in the face of the economic challenges of the 20th century

At a time when the world’s winegrowing industry is having to adapt to a number of challenges, winegrowers are wondering about the consequent changes they will have to make (grape varieties, changes in vineyard and cellar techniques). For winegrowers and consumers alike, there is also the question of how these changes will affect the taste of their wines. This research, based on the study of numerous sources and archives from the 20th century, some of which have never been published before, aims to show that, in the recent past, the winegrowing world has shown incredible resilience in the face of crises, and that the taste and perception of fine wines has changed considerably in 100 years. Mention of AOC vineyards often conjures up an unchanging past, that of authentic, thousand-year-old wines deriving their qualities from a terroir patiently tamed by generations of winemakers. However, behind this heritage discourse, partly shaped over the course of the last century, lies a history in perpetual motion. From the most local to the most international of spheres, public authorities, scientists, producers and professional organizations have all worked together to innovate in order to set aoc wines apart from other wine products and impose them on the market. In this contribution, we look at the scientific and technical innovations of the twentieth century, linked to regulatory changes concerning alcoholic strength, volatile acidity, hybrids and sulfur. The aim is to show how the creation of AOCs, rather than acting as a brake, became the driving force behind major innovations throughout the period. In a way, behind the dominant discourse on traditions, in the light of the immense contemporary challenges facing winegrowing, we wish to evoke a dynamic history and a profession that has never ceased to innovate through an increasingly strong link with science, in response to the crises of the past.

Innovazione nella tradizione. Gli sviluppi tecnici e scientifici dei vini doc di fronte alle sfide economiche del XX secolo

In un momento in cui la viticoltura mondiale deve adattarsi a una serie di sfide, i produttori si interrogano sui principali cambiamenti che dovranno apportare (varietà di uve, cambiamenti nelle tecniche di vigneto e di cantina). Per i viticoltori e i consumatori, inoltre, si pone il problema di come questi cambiamenti influiranno sul gusto dei vini. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca, che si basa sullo studio di numerose fonti e archivi del xx secolo, alcuni dei quali mai pubblicati prima, è quello di dimostrare che, nel recente passato, il mondo vitivinicolo ha dimostrato un’incredibile capacità di recupero di fronte alle crisi e che il gusto e la percezione dei vini pregiati sono cambiati notevolmente in 100 anni.  Quando si pensa ai vigneti aoc, spesso si pensa a un passato immutabile, a vini millenari e autentici che traggono le loro qualità da un terroir pazientemente domato da generazioni di viticoltori. Tuttavia, dietro questo discorso di patrimonio, in parte formatosi nel corso dell’ultimo secolo, si nasconde una storia in continuo movimento. Dal livello più locale a quello più internazionale, autorità pubbliche, scienziati, produttori e organizzazioni professionali hanno lavorato insieme per innovare e imporre sul mercato i vini DOC. In questo contributo si analizzeranno le innovazioni scientifiche e tecniche del xx secolo legate alle modifiche normative in materia di titolo alcolometrico, acidità volatile, ibridi e zolfo. L’obiettivo è quello di mostrare come la creazione delle doc, anziché fungere da freno, sia diventata il motore delle principali innovazioni del periodo. In un certo senso, dietro il discorso dominante sulle tradizioni, alla luce delle immense sfide contemporanee che la viticoltura deve affrontare, vogliamo evocare una storia dinamica e una professione che non ha mai smesso di innovare attraverso un legame sempre più forte con la scienza, in risposta alle crisi del passato.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Olivier Jacquet¹

¹ Chaire UNESCO – IUVV, Rue Ladrey, BP 27 877, Dijon, France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Overview on wine and health 32 years after the French paradox 

Phenolic compounds or polyphenols are the most abundant and ubiquitous secondary metabolites present in the plant kingdom with more than 8000 phenolic structures currently known. These compounds play an important role in plant growth and reproduction, providing protection against biotic and abiotic stress such as pathogen and insect attack, UV radiation and wounding. (poly)phenols are widely distributed in the human diet mainly in plant-derived food and beverages (fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, herbs, spices, tea and red wine).

Overcoming habit formation in the production of wine

Evidence indicates that climate change affects the environment, human health, and well-being via drought, increasing greenhouse effect, and climatic catastrophes. As the wine sector is also negatively affected by climate change, the role of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies is important in wine production. One example of an adaptation policy is the implementation of grapevine genetics (duchene, 2016), while organic farming may be used as an approach to mitigate the consequences of climate change (vinci et al., 2022). To this end, the european commission’s objective is to reach the european green deal target of at least 25% of the european union’s agricultural land under organic farming by 2030.

An analysis of wine geographical indications from the perspective of the theory of industrial organizations: what are the trade off?

From Porto and then through Bordeaux, Champagne and Bourgogne, wine geographical indications (gi) were the driving models for this form of protection of distinctive signs for collective use. Many studies present the benefits of recognizing a gi for a given region, the challenges of its implementation, as well as the possibilities of promoting territorial development.

Chemical affinity and binding capacity between pre-purified Cabernet-Sauvignon/Merlot anthocyanins and salivary proteins monitored by UHPLC Q-ToF MS analysis

Apart from pro(antho)cyanidins and tannins, other phenolic compounds in wine or grapes have been shown to interact with salivary proteins and may contribute to overall sensory in-mouth sensations [1, 2]. Anthocyanins are the dominant phenolics in red wine and grape skin [3] , so it is expected that they come into contact and interact with salivary proteins after ingestion.

The evolution of wine tourism: trends, challenges and opportunities for the future

The wine tourism industry has experienced significant transformation over the past years, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic.