terclim by ICS banner
IVES 9 IVES Conference Series 9 OIV 9 OIV 2024 9 Orals - Economy and law 9 Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Les AOC : un frein ou un moteur à l’innovation ? Retour sur l’histoire économique, scientifique, sociale et technique des vins d’appellation au XXe siècle en France

Résumé

A l’heure où la viticulture mondiale doit s’adapter à de nombreux défis, les producteurs s’interrogent sur les évolutions conséquentes qu’ils vont devoir faire (encépagement, transformation des techniques en vigne et en cave). Se pose également, autant pour les vignerons que pour les consommateurs, les potentielles évolutions du goût des vins qu’engendreront ces transformations. Or, cette recherche, qui s’appuie sur l’étude de nombreuses sources et archives du XXe siècle, pour certaines inédites, a pour ambition de montrer que, dans un passé récent, les mondes viticoles ont su faire preuve d’une incroyable résilience face aux crises et que le goût et la perception des vins fins aura largement changé en 100 ans. L’évocation des vignobles d’appellation d’origine contrôlée convoque bien souvent un passé immuable, celle de vins millénaires et authentiques tirant leurs qualités d’un terroir patiemment apprivoisé par des générations de vignerons. Pourtant, derrière ce discours patrimonial pour une part façonné au cours du siècle dernier, se cache une histoire en perpétuel mouvement. Des échelles les plus locales aux sphères internationales, pouvoirs publics, scientifiques, producteurs et organisations professionnelles n’ont en effet, de concert, pas cessé d’innover afin de singulariser les vins d’AOC des autres productions viticoles pour imposer ces premières sur les marchés. Dans cette contribution nous nous pencherons ainsi sur les innovations scientifiques et techniques du XXe siècle liées aux évolutions réglementaires concernant le degré alcoolique, l’acidité volatile, les hybrides ou le soufre. Il s’agira de montrer comment la création des AOC, plutôt qu’un frein, deviendra le moteur de très importantes innovations durant toute la période. En quelque sorte, derrière le discours dominant sur les traditions, au regard des immenses défis contemporains de la vitiviniculture, nous souhaitons évoquer une histoire dynamique et une profession qui n’aura cessé d’innover par un lien de plus en plus fort avec la science, pour répondre aux crises du passé.

Innovation within tradition. Technical and scientific developments in AOC wines in the face of the economic challenges of the 20th century

At a time when the world’s winegrowing industry is having to adapt to a number of challenges, winegrowers are wondering about the consequent changes they will have to make (grape varieties, changes in vineyard and cellar techniques). For winegrowers and consumers alike, there is also the question of how these changes will affect the taste of their wines. This research, based on the study of numerous sources and archives from the 20th century, some of which have never been published before, aims to show that, in the recent past, the winegrowing world has shown incredible resilience in the face of crises, and that the taste and perception of fine wines has changed considerably in 100 years. Mention of AOC vineyards often conjures up an unchanging past, that of authentic, thousand-year-old wines deriving their qualities from a terroir patiently tamed by generations of winemakers. However, behind this heritage discourse, partly shaped over the course of the last century, lies a history in perpetual motion. From the most local to the most international of spheres, public authorities, scientists, producers and professional organizations have all worked together to innovate in order to set aoc wines apart from other wine products and impose them on the market. In this contribution, we look at the scientific and technical innovations of the twentieth century, linked to regulatory changes concerning alcoholic strength, volatile acidity, hybrids and sulfur. The aim is to show how the creation of AOCs, rather than acting as a brake, became the driving force behind major innovations throughout the period. In a way, behind the dominant discourse on traditions, in the light of the immense contemporary challenges facing winegrowing, we wish to evoke a dynamic history and a profession that has never ceased to innovate through an increasingly strong link with science, in response to the crises of the past.

Innovazione nella tradizione. Gli sviluppi tecnici e scientifici dei vini doc di fronte alle sfide economiche del XX secolo

In un momento in cui la viticoltura mondiale deve adattarsi a una serie di sfide, i produttori si interrogano sui principali cambiamenti che dovranno apportare (varietà di uve, cambiamenti nelle tecniche di vigneto e di cantina). Per i viticoltori e i consumatori, inoltre, si pone il problema di come questi cambiamenti influiranno sul gusto dei vini. L’obiettivo di questa ricerca, che si basa sullo studio di numerose fonti e archivi del xx secolo, alcuni dei quali mai pubblicati prima, è quello di dimostrare che, nel recente passato, il mondo vitivinicolo ha dimostrato un’incredibile capacità di recupero di fronte alle crisi e che il gusto e la percezione dei vini pregiati sono cambiati notevolmente in 100 anni.  Quando si pensa ai vigneti aoc, spesso si pensa a un passato immutabile, a vini millenari e autentici che traggono le loro qualità da un terroir pazientemente domato da generazioni di viticoltori. Tuttavia, dietro questo discorso di patrimonio, in parte formatosi nel corso dell’ultimo secolo, si nasconde una storia in continuo movimento. Dal livello più locale a quello più internazionale, autorità pubbliche, scienziati, produttori e organizzazioni professionali hanno lavorato insieme per innovare e imporre sul mercato i vini DOC. In questo contributo si analizzeranno le innovazioni scientifiche e tecniche del xx secolo legate alle modifiche normative in materia di titolo alcolometrico, acidità volatile, ibridi e zolfo. L’obiettivo è quello di mostrare come la creazione delle doc, anziché fungere da freno, sia diventata il motore delle principali innovazioni del periodo. In un certo senso, dietro il discorso dominante sulle tradizioni, alla luce delle immense sfide contemporanee che la viticoltura deve affrontare, vogliamo evocare una storia dinamica e una professione che non ha mai smesso di innovare attraverso un legame sempre più forte con la scienza, in risposta alle crisi del passato.

DOI:

Publication date: November 18, 2024

Issue: OIV 2024

Type: Article

Authors

Olivier Jacquet¹

¹ Chaire UNESCO – IUVV, Rue Ladrey, BP 27 877, Dijon, France

Contact the author*

Tags

Full papers OIV 2024 | IVES Conference Series | OIV | OIV 2024

Citation

Related articles…

Climats: a model of terroir-based winegrowing recognized by UNESCO

In Burgundy, a climat has nothing to do with the weather but accurately designates a named vine plot, often centuries-old, which produces a singular wine. This wine is the combination of history, the natural environment (relief, type of soil, exposure to the sun), a grape variety and know-how going back thousands of years. The grapes of each climat are harvested separately and the wine is made from a single grape variety and has a unique name featured on the bottle. Romanée conti, clos de vougeot, montrachet, musigny, corton…

Circular viticulture: transforming grapevine waste into sustainable fibers

Annually, around 31.95 million tonnes of grapevine prunings are produced worldwide as agricultural waste.

Waste-free production of non-alcoholic wine as a sustainable technology

The growing demand for non-alcoholic wines, along with issues related to waste disposal and environmental pollution amid military conflicts, natural disasters, and industrial emissions, necessitates the implementation of environmentally sustainable technologies in the winemaking industry.

Analyses of a long-term soil temperature record for the prediction of climate change induced soil carbon changes and greenhouse gas emissions in vineyards

The evaluation of the current and future impact of climate change on viticulture requires an integrated view on a complex interacting system within the soil-plant-atmospheric continuum under continuous change. Aside of the globally observed increase in temperature in almost all viticulture regions for at least four decades, we observe several clear trends at the regional level in the ratio of precipitation to potential evapotranspiration. Additionally the recently published 6th assessment report of the ipcc (the physical science basis) shows case-dependent further expected shifts in climate patterns which will have substantial impacts on the way we will conduct viticulture in the decades to come.

Critical investigation on additions to improve the sensory characteristics of dealcoholized wine

The demand for dealcoholized wine has been progressively increasing in recent years. Moreover, the attention for such products is probably increasing even more. Due to that increasing demand and market awareness the legal authorities are about changing rules for that products. Also, at OIV level, these products are being intensively discussed for certain time. The production of dealcoholized wine bases on wine as initial product. This wine is then reduced by physical methods to an alcohol content of less than 0.5% vol., or in other words, to less than 4g/l of alcohol. There are various technologies are possible for producing dealcoholized wine (Schmitt and Christmann 2019).