Exposure to solar radiation affects berry composition through photomorphogenesis or changes in temperature. Flavonol synthesis is upregulated by UV‐B radiation
Sensory analysis of grape berries is a common tool to evaluate the degree of grape maturation and to make sound picking decisions.
Astringency is a specific oral sensation dominated by dryness and puckering feeling and is one of the leading quality factors for red wines, as well as some fruit products
According to the OIV Focus 2017 estimating the vine varieties distribution in the world, Italy is the richest grape producing country in terms of varieties.
Recurring heat and drought episodes during the growing season can produce adverse impacts on grape production in many wine regions around the world.